Posts

Video Rating: 5 / 5

Yagi Antenna Classics

List Price: $ 17.95

Price: [wpramaprice asin=”0872598187″]

[wpramareviews asin=”0872598187″]

[wprebay kw=”arrl” num=”0″ ebcat=”-1″]

Find More ARRL Products

This is a 5KW 4 to 1 Hy Power Antenna Company Guanella Current balun. This is a simple way to test a 4 to 1 balun. Core material is also important when building a balun. Hy Power Antenna Company has done all of this for you.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

A video about the 2ft Thundepole Super-Flexi – a compact wound antenna that seems to work well for the size. Took some finite tuning to get the SWR down, but got there eventually. Being a short antenna, it’ll only cover about 40ch and the video shows the importance of checking the SWR even if the antenna is claimed to be pre-tuned. £10 plus delivery from Thunderpole and Thunderpole stockists – 3ft and 4ft versions also available.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

THANKS for your comment, K7AGE! Homemade Dual Band satellite Potable antenna with Splite boom, splite elments; completed on 6th July 2008 ,still under testing; all elements are checked. micro-duplexer completed on 9th July 2008. The base of HT holder is made from a one inch thick PVC transparent plastic. BNC aluminium plate will be replaced by plastic to miniumize the interfence of electromagnetic wave. two special features have added to quicken the assembly of the satellite antenna on 15 July 2008. inspired by K7AGE, XE1MEX, N1ASA KI0AG and G1HSM
Video Rating: 3 / 5

Homemade satellite radio amateur and weather tracking antenna. Satellite antenna uses a PC with the Satcom application to track satellites as they pass. System took about 7 months to build and was made totally from discrete parts and supplies. Frame was welded from 1″ raw steel tube stock.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

A61AR is testing an NVIS Stealth antenna.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

Great antenna. 73’s KK5WC

Along cutdown inversion rope
Video Rating: 0 / 5

This is KP4WK working AO-51 using the tape measure antenna designed by WB2HOL. The video speaks for itself. I’m really impresed with the performance of this antenna. Enjoy !

Check My Blog for Detail : blog.siamsq.net I used to buy the kit from HAM which made from PIC Microchip and It was very hard to design on what I want and Now I have Arduino project that I can learn and put more feature and more up to date as this day many people know how to build any Micro Controller by using Arduino which is very powerfull platform base. I already builded and still develop put more feature and using IR funtion. and much more. receive the Control command via serial port. Arduino have too many function that you can play and I gueesed most kid can build Robot in 1 Hour program with Arduino. http
Video Rating: 5 / 5

In this video I go through the theory of HF radio wave propagation. In part 2 of this video I’ll do a practicle demonstation of shortwave radio reception through various radios and antennas / antenna tuner. Concepts covered n this HAM radio tutorial: * Ground wave propagation * Sky wave propagation * Ionosphere layers D, E, F * Radio wave skip and hop zones * Pedersen Ray * EME Earth Moon Earth radio communications * Long path and short path radio waves Equipment used / mentioned in this video series: * K-Po WR2100 PLL Synthesized World Band Receiver. * Tecsun (Kaito) PL-389MP Short Wave radio * Yaesu FT-897 HF/VHF All Mode Transceiver * Yaesu FT-950 HF / 50MHz band All Mode Transceiver * Yaesu VX-6 Submersible Dual-Band FM Transceiver * Yaesu FT-817ND solar powered portable go-pack * Yaesu FRG-7000 Receiver * RigExpert AA-200 Antenna analyzer * Simple wire antenna * Par electronics Par End-Fedz EF-10-20-40 full length half wave dipole * Buddipole™- hf/vhf portable dipole antenna system * MFJ Deluxe Travel Antenna Tuner – MFJ-904H * Amateur Extra HAM radio license – KD8LON

Erecting Optibeam 5-20 monobander antenna at my chalet. QTH is Khiran pearl beach, about 100 KM south of Kuwait city. The antenna has 5 elements on 15 meters long boom. The antenna and tower is 30 meters high from ground level and surrounded by salt water from all sides, which make the place very ideal for HF communications. If you hear me on air please call me, I will be delighted to talk to you. Best 73 Barrak Alkhubaizi

Video Rating: 5 / 5

The Arrl Antenna Book

All the information you need to design your own complete antenna system.

Since the first edition in September 1939, radio amateurs and professional engineers have turned to The ARRL Antenna Book as THE source of current antenna theory and a wealth of practical how-to construction projects. Use this book to discover even the most basic antenna designs– wire and loop antennas, verticals, and Yagis–and for advanced antenna theory and applications. Many of the antennas in this edition benef

List Price: $ 30.00

Price: [wpramaprice asin=”0872596133″]

[wpramareviews asin=”0872596133″]

[wprebay kw=”ham+antenna” num=”0″ ebcat=”-1″]

The 10-80P is an HF portable antenna system for use within the range of 3.5Mhz -30Mhz continuous! Will work with any HF transceiver, and can handle up to 250 watts PEP! Very simple to use! There is no need for “screw on” type taps like on other portable antennas, this one will tune up and down the band with ease! Also, this one covers 80 meters! Most other portable antennas out there do not. Just listen for the most background noise in your RX, then fine tune with your SWR meter or analyzer. This system is designed to fit any standard tripod with a 1/4 x 20 thread base. You can also use any standard mobile or portable type mount with the 3/8 x 24 thread hardware. Comes with brass whip sections (not flimsy telescopic whip), tripod bracket, counterpoise wire, tap ring and coil. www.pcssales.net

Video Rating: 5 / 5

This video shows how I made my 6 meter portable dipole using collapsible antennas and PVC. I used a MFJ269 to do SWR testing. To center the hex coupler nut and to keep the epoxy cement contained I used a rubber grommet around the coupler nut. A length of 51 to 52 inches per side will enable a usable SWR over the entire 6 meter band. Now if the band will just open up so I can try JT65 mode on it. 73, N7JFP

Homemade coil for antenna tuner. Out of an old car wiper motor, wire and plastic parts! Thanks for watching!!
Video Rating: 5 / 5

This is a demonstration of a simple system of a remotely comtrolled antenna tuning
Video Rating: 3 / 5

Here I modified an old Radio Shack ground-plane VHF/UHF scanner antenna for better reception on GMRS UHF frequencies (467.xxxmhz) as well as monitoring my counties local fire department which is 151.385mhz. I used standard welding-rod which solders very easily. I made all the radials as well as the verticals elements slightly longer than the original. Sealed the antenna with standard hot glue, to help keep out moisture. Thanks for watching!
Video Rating: 2 / 5

The W6Sai Hf Antenna Handbook

Inexpensive, practical antenna projects that work! Guides you through the building of wire, loop, Yagi and vertical antennas.

List Price: $ 19.95

Price: [wpramaprice asin=”0943016150″]

[wpramareviews asin=”0943016150″]

Related HF Antenna Products

Part five of building a G5RV 10 to 80 meter shortwave antenna. You can do it. Testing for standing wave ratio (SWR) with an antenna analyzer. How does that analyzer work?
Video Rating: 5 / 5

Now that the DB18E is constructed and installed on the tower at 45 feet, I check the SWR on all bands.
Video Rating: 0 / 5

Ham Radio Tijeragroup Antenna Instalation By K6EG
Video Rating: 5 / 5

How to install a Breedlove Mount stake pocket bracket for cb or ham radio antenna mount on your pick up truck. A solid brass EZ over antenna mount is also shown.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

HF Army surplus antenna linked to a Kenwood 480SAT working HF.

SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific has developed a technology that uses the magnetic induction properties of sodium chloride (salt) in sea water to create UHF/VHF/HF antenna.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

US Made 6 ft ASUS D-Link Netgear Wireless Router WiFi Antenna Extension Cable – Times Microwave LMR-240 Coaxial Cable Antenna Coax wire with RP-SMA Male & RPSMA Female Connectors for Extending External Antennas lmr240

  • US Made LMR-240 is more flexible than Times Microwave Systems LMR-400 Coax
  • RP-SMA Male & RPSMA Female coax cable connectors – Connects Most Wireless Routers including Asus, Dlink & Netgear Routers, Antennas, external to wifi routers to boost signals
  • 6 feet of coaxial cable USA Made & Assembled Times Microwave LMR-240 Transmission Line Coaxial Cable with High Quality RP-SMA Male & RPSMA Female connectors to extend and connect antennas
  • Ultra low loss characteristics ensure the maximum performance of your Wireless Antenna installation
  • Impedance 50 Ohms Frequency Range DC ~ 6 GHz – RP-SMA Male & RPSMA Female Antenna Cables are designed for 2.4GHZ 802.11 Wireless Internet use

MADE IN THE USA – This Genuine Times Microwave USA Made LMR-240 coaxial cable was developed to provide an extremely low loss alternative with the transmission characteristics of hardline coaxial cables and the flexibility required for WiFi, Ham and CB Radio installations. Times Microwave systems, designs and manufactures high performance coaxial cables, connectors and cable assemblies for a broad range of RF transmission applications. For more than 50 years, Times has been the leader in the deve

List Price: $ 24.99

Price: [wpramaprice asin=”B005S4D21W”]

[wpramareviews asin=”B005S4D21W”]

Hands-on with Sony's New Google TV Player
For example, you can use the trackpad to scroll up and down (either on the right edge or two-finger scroll), but you can also use the directional arrow keys on the other side of the remote. You can click with the trackpad, or you can scroll over to the
Read more on Tom’s Guide

Monster fire terrorizes a Colorado city
Maria drew an arrow on a photograph showing their neighborhood, flames devouring houses everywhere. “Our home,” it said in white lettering. They still could not tell if they had been spared. The fire, fueled by high winds and hot, arid weather
Read more on WTVR

SBA Communications buying towers in .45B deal
The transaction comes a little over four months after SBA announced that it would buy more than 2300 antenna tower sites in the U.S. and Central America from Mobilitie LLC for $ 1.1 billion in cash and stock. SBA, which is based in Boca Raton, Fla
Read more on ksl.com

Toronto Maple Leafs: Why Defenseman Morgan Rielly Was an Amazing Pick
There may be a few good passers on the team, but I can count the number of excellent passers on the team with my left antenna. And boy, does the kid Full 2012 Draft Grades for Maple Leafs Hint: you can use arrow keys to navigate through this channel.
Read more on Bleacher Report

This is a little project that i have been thinking about building for awhile now, this is a VHF and UHF antenna tuner / matcher. This item well help you tune a random rubber duckie, outside antenna, or just a whip so your scanner well be able to RX better then it could before, depending on the coil used and just as many taps on it, you can fine tune a antenna perfectly to your scanner radio. I built this tuner and tested it on the bench with my Uniden Bearcat BC-796D 25-1300mhz scanning reciever.

Thoughts and Modifications of mine on the Vectronics VC-300M 300 Watt Mobile antenna tuner.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

Astatic Heavy Duty Antenna Lip Edge Antenna Mount – Angle Adjustable w/ Cable assembly

  • Multi Adjustable any direction, Fits any Angle lip / Metal Edge!
  • For Trunks, side hatches, hoods, doors, & other metal lip edges.
  • Complete wirh 16.5ft cable assembly w/PL-259 on Radio end. No Drilling.
  • For Antennas w/ 3-8/24 thread.
  • Great For HF Antennas, CB & Ham Radio antennas.

Heavy Duty Lip Edge Mount For 3-8/24 Thread Ham Amateur & CB Antennas!
Can Bet set for Antenna in vertical position regardless of installed lip angle.
Complete wirh 16.5ft cable assembly & PL-259 connector on radio end of cable.

List Price: $ 49.98

Price: [wpramaprice asin=”B0041WPXKA”]

[wpramareviews asin=”B0041WPXKA”]

Hf Antennas for All Locations

List Price: $ 20.00

Price: [wpramaprice asin=”1872309151″]

[wpramareviews asin=”1872309151″]
[wprebay kw=”hf+antenna” num=”0″ ebcat=”-1″] [wprebay kw=”hf+antenna” num=”1″ ebcat=”-1″]

Related HF Antenna Products

Homemade setup with Arrow II satellite tracking antenna and tripod with 2 handheld radios.

N2TEB & K2FR working the SSB satellites on Friday the 26th of November 2010 Using a TS-2000 radio, and an arrow antenna on battery power portable we worked a few contacts on the SSB Satelites FO-29 and AO-7

Video Rating: 5 / 5

The Ultimax 100 End Fed Antenna
Video Rating: 4 / 5

www.hamradiofinds.com Here is a video of a Cushcraft ASL2010 ham radio log periodic antenna that was removed from a 50ft tower..The video shows the antenna on the tower & then on the ground..I couldn’t show the actual lowering because I was part of the crew.. The tower monkey is my brother Tim KE5CFZ..We both work for a ham radio store called Kcomm here in San Antonio, Texas..One of the enjoyable things about our job is that we get to go on field trips, installing towers, antennas as well as removing antennas & towers..We also do mobile radio installs both at the store as well as in the field.. Thanks for looking..73s, Mel WA5UTK

Video Rating: 0 / 5

www.hamradiocrazy.com – In this video I show the ground radial wire I use, and talk about laying a radial field under my Hustler 4BTV vertical ham radio antenna.

This is my antenna farm. MFJ G5RV, Arrow Antenna for 2M 4 Element Yagi, Olde Antenna Labs 7CP 70cm Circular Polarized antenna. Homemade 6 meter dipole, Channelmaster Rotor.
Video Rating: 1 / 5

U.S. Patents Awarded to Inventors in Idaho (May 18)
The cavities increase the impedance between the semiconductor substrate and the fin and/or pillars to decrease the sub-threshold leakage of the FinFET transistor." The patent application was filed on Sept. 8, 2011 (13/227982).
Read more on Targeted News Service (subscription)

U.S. Patents Awarded to Inventors in Arizona (May 25)
The supply voltage control signal is generated responsive to the measured or estimated power of the PA RF output signal, and also may be responsive to a parameter indicative of impedance mismatch experienced at the PA output. By controlling this supply
Read more on Targeted News Service (subscription)

Check out these ham radio outlet images:

Antenna Protector

Image by The Rocketeer

Me, N5PRE, with Gordon West and Santa

Image by The Rocketeer

A simple ham radio 2 meter and 70 cm antenna for fixed or portable use.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

this is my 14mhz delta loop home made out of a 30ft fibreglass pole vertical section and 18f horizontal section,i have worked usa,brazil,argentina,africa,china,europe with this antenna with a yaesu ft847 and 50watts. The loop is fed in the centre for horizontal polarization and as you can see i have had good contacts all over the world.

Hey guys the edition sucks I know but Is just a sample to get some input about if is working or not! I will be updating this video later on. On this video I test in this order a Rubber ducky/Cloverleaf/SPW and last the helical. Thanks for watching and stay tuned for more info. Note that my helical antenna doesn´t have any type of impedance matcher.

My new vertical for 160 80 40 mt. Build by IT9ZMX -13 mt.hight – portable and good gain on rx.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

First experiment with an arduino and a servo with a variable capacitor connected to a Tp-Link Ps310U through ethernet. Power on Ethernet. Fast and fine manual tuning with a Griffin Powermate. It work very well! Also mouse wheel work. Pc software writed with AutoHotKey
Video Rating: 5 / 5

ATSC Centronics antenna tuner installed! Connected via the componant ports. Set can display in 1080i when a 1080i signal is present. Works great and I show the main features of the antenna tuner. The HD on the Sony Trinitron is fantastic. Free TV is back baby!! I’m approximate 20 miles from most of the transmitter towers. The stonger staions work verywell at night. Lets say after 7:00 PM. In the late afternoon, I get pixallation and drop outs. I think perhaps due to cars going by
Video Rating: 5 / 5

A few nice HF antenna images I found:

mounting hf antenna

Image by Peter Casier

CablesToBuy™ N Female to RP-TNC Wireless Antenna Adapter Cable

  • 2 feet of cable USA Made LMR-400
  • Antenna cable – Connects Access Points, Routers and Radio transmitters to Antenna
  • Impedance 50 Ohms Frequency Range DC ~ 11 GHz
  • LMR400/LMR-400 is a Registered Trademark of Times Microwave USA
  • Ultra low loss characteristics ensure the maximum performance of your external antenna installation

Conversion adapter cable for Wireless Devices with RP-SMA antenna connectors. Also works with Belkin, Compaq, D-Link, Intel, Netgear, Linksys and Siemens wireless networking devices.
Features:
Converts RP-SMA type connector to N Female connector.
Low loss at 2.4 GHz frequency range.
Optimized for use with networking devices and wireless antennas.

List Price: $ 89.55

Price: [wpramaprice asin=”B000KMU0K8″]

[wpramareviews asin=”B000KMU0K8″]

[wprebay kw=”antenna+impedance” num=”0″ ebcat=”-1″] [wprebay kw=”antenna+impedance” num=”1″ ebcat=”-1″]

Find More Antenna Impedance Products

This is a update video that deals with the new vertical antenna that i have constructed recently, i have since added another ground wire, this time it is buried in the ground and about 30feet or so long and 5inchs under ground. Another update in the works soon as i intend to add another ground wire and beef up the copper wire from the tuner to the vertical antenna.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

How to use tools you may already have to make low cost, effective antenna coil clips that are easy to adjust.

In Part 2 I have connected 6 radials to the DX Engineering radial plate under the Hustler 4BTV vertical antenna. I show how to make a solid connection, and demonstrate how to pin the ground radial wires in place. If you want the best performance from a ground mounted vertical antenna, installing an effective ground radial system is essential.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

The ARRL is now accepting nominations for the 2012 Philip J. McGan Memorial Silver Antenna Award. This annual honor goes to a radio amateur who has demonstrated success in Amateur casino francais bonus Radio public relations and best exemplifies volunteer spirit of the award”s namesake, Phil McGan, WA2MBQ (SK). As the first chairman of the ARRL Public Relations Committee, McGan helped to reinvigorate the League’s co…

American Radio Relay League | Ham Radio Association and Resources

Testing A sony ICF 5900W and a Hughs Aircraft HF Antenna from a Manpack 30+year old Sony at the Beach in Pecadero Ca, Fun Times
Video Rating: 3 / 5

aprovechando que ha parado de llover por unos dias he podido bajar la antena de HF para reparar el cuadro radiador de la banda de 20 metros que había resultado dañado en los ultimos temporales since it has stopped raining for a few days I’ve had to lower the HF antenna to repair the radiator element 20 meter band that had been damaged in recent storms
Video Rating: 5 / 5

This is me and my local Ham club on field day 2011. We are putting up a 100′ HF antenna with a kite.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

This was at the 2008 Ham-Com in Plano Texas. Located at the Tarheels booth.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

U.S. Patents Awarded to Inventors in Arizona (April 19)
The abstract of the patent published by the US Patent and Trademark Office states: "In an exemplary embodiment, a phased array antenna comprises multiple subcircuits in communication with multiple radiating elements. The radio frequency signals are
Read more on Targeted News Service (subscription)

First test with Arduino tuner. The Lock button on FT817 is used to tune the capacitor. On 20 and 40 meters (actually) there is a fast tuning function. On different frequencies all the capacitors course are analyzed to find better SWR. Arduino is used to drive the servo,read frequency,swr and lock command from FT817 and set FM mode for tuning.At the end of tuning procedure Arduino set again LSB or USB depending the frequency. Based on Alain De Carolis project (alain.it)

This is a new Palstar AT2K tuner that I purchased, and I hope for it to be the last antenna tuner I ever buy. So far it’s living up to that reputation flawlessly. The construction is top notch, the level of attention to detail that Palstar has put into this tuner is stellar, and I wouldn’t hesitate to recommend this tuner to anybody, even with the most demanding antenna tuner needs.

This is version 2 of my demo for an arduino antenna tuner. In this version I swapped the coil with a new, somewhat larger one, which has an extra connection about halfway. Using a relay (controlled by the Arduino) the inductance can be switched between half and full. In each position, the capacitor makes a full sweep, while the Arduino monitors the reflection (watch the right meter in the back!). After this, it puts the inductor and capacitor in the position with the lowest SWR. This demo is quite slow, I experimented with different speeds and was able to let it tune within 2 seconds! Details, pictures, schema and code: ernest.utreg.net

Hustler QD-2 Antenna Quick Disconnect – Stainless Steel!

  • Stainless Steel & Heavy Duty!
  • For 3/8-24 base thread antennas!
  • Quick Disconnect for Ham Radio & CB antennas!

Super Heavy Duty stainless steel quick disconnect for 3/8-24 thread antennas.
Amateur & CB Antenna use.

List Price: $ 23.98

Price: [wpramaprice asin=”B003H41MRQ”]

[wpramareviews asin=”B003H41MRQ”]

[wprebay kw=”hf+antenna” num=”6″ ebcat=”-1″] [wprebay kw=”hf+antenna” num=”7″ ebcat=”-1″]

Homemade setup with Arrow II satellite tracking antenna and tripod with 2 handheld radios.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

Just a quick overview of my 220 beam location and placement for WB2LOO this is how the beam is setup & the heading is approx S-SW
Video Rating: 0 / 5

It was easy to assemble, the instructions & parts are clear & concise no information is provided for antenna gain
Video Rating: 0 / 5

Using 2 motors for elevation and azimuth and parallax basic stamp BS1. Anyone out there write basic for me for AO 51 tracking? More pic’s at geocities.com
Video Rating: 5 / 5

Reception of the ITUpSAT1 cubesat beacon using the Funcube Dongle receiver and an Arrow II hand-held satellite antenna. Quisk software defined radio receiver running on Ubuntu Linux 10.10 64bit. ITUpSAT1 is transmitting with 100 mW FM CW. The Funcube Dongle is a USB stick SDR receiver for 64 MHz – 1.7 GHz by Howard Long G6LVB, see www.funcubedongle.com Video recorded by Alexandru Csete OZ9AEC www.oz9aec.net

I COULDN’T TELL IF THIS WAS A SCANNER ANTENNA CB COMBO OR A SCANNER AND CB ANTENNA
Video Rating: 0 / 5

Ok, this is just a concept, I just wanted to show how the Arduino could be useful for radio amateurs. The SWR meter (in the back) is hooked up to the Arduino, also a servo is attached which drives a capacitor. This capacitor forms a simple L-tuner, together with an inductor which you can’t see on this video. The Arduino does a full sweep on the capacitor while measuring the SWR. It stores the position with the lowest SWR and after the sweep it rotates the capacitor to that position. Mind the SWR meter (right needle) while the capacitor is rotating! Details, pictures, schema and code: ernest.utreg.net

www.hamradiofinds.com Here is a video showing the JW MIller AT-2500 HF Ham Radio Automatic Antenna Tuner..This tuner covers 80-10 meters & will handle 2Kw+ of power..It has one input & 5 outputs, including one long wire connection..It runs on 110VAC, but can be switched to run on 220VAC..The tank circuit is well constucted using heavy duty parts..This would make a great addition to any HF ham radio shack..Thanks for watching..73s, Mel, WA5UTK
Video Rating: 4 / 5

Ham Radio eBay auctions you should keep an eye on:

[wprebay kw=”ham+radio” num=”10″ ebcat=”-1″]
[wprebay kw=”ham+radio” num=”11″ ebcat=”-1″]
[wprebay kw=”ham+radio” num=”12″ ebcat=”-1″]

Falcon New Highest Power 2 Meter Dipole Base Station Antenna

  • 2 Meter Dipole 1/2 Wave Base Station Antenna
  • For Amateur Ham Radios
  • Weather Tight Indoor Outdoor Design
  • 5000 Watts Maximum Power

Product Description
This is the Highest Power 1/2 Wave 2M Dipole Antenna We Have Ever Had.

This is an Indoor, Outdoor apartment, house, condo, attic, Transmitting antenna. It is made to be hung in the rafters or from the ceilings. Or outside on the roof, or between 2 trees or the side of a wall, or whatever you can imagine.

It will handle up to 5000 watts PEP and comes pretuned. These can be mounted almost any where, and in any shape, horizontal, vertical, in a V or an L they work. Talk abou

List Price: $ 33.99

Price: [wpramaprice asin=”B005027XMG”]

[wpramareviews asin=”B005027XMG”]

[wprebay kw=”ham+radio+outlet” num=”0″ ebcat=”-1″] [wprebay kw=”ham+radio+outlet” num=”1″ ebcat=”-1″]

Basically, I builded My Rotor and I got the FUNCUBE Dongle and with that perfact match to work on SAT Com. There have the Sat-Control software with chang the Doppler Freq with Selected SAt and send the GS-232 to control Rotor.
Video Rating: 5 / 5